Big data and deep data in scanning and electron microscopies: deriving functionality from multidimensional data sets

Table 1 Development of multidimensional SPM methods at Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Technique	Dimensionality	Current data set	File volume	References
1. Band excitation (BE)	3D, space, and ω	(256 × 256) × 64	32 MB	[35,68,69,127-129]
2. Switching spectroscopy PFM	3D, space, and voltage	(64 × 64) × 128	4 MB	[61,130-139]
3. Time relaxation PFM	3D, space, and time	(64 × 64) × 128	4 MB	[71,140,141]
4. AC sweeps	4D, space, ω, voltage	(64 × 64) × 64 × 256	512 MB	[142,143]
5. BE SSPFM	4D, space, ω, voltage	(64 × 64) × 64 × 128	256 MB	[11,72,144-148]
6. BE thermal	4D, space, ω, temp	(64 × 64) × 64 × 256	512 MB	[16,17,149,150]
7. Time relaxation BE	4D, space, ω, time	(64 × 64) × 64 × 64	4 MB	[151] [151-153]
8. First-order reversal curves	5D, space, ω, voltage, voltage	(64 × 64) × 64 × 64 × 16	2 GB	[153-157]
9. Time relaxation on sweep, BE	5D, space, ω, voltage, time	(64 × 64) × 64 × 64 × 64	8 GB	[158,159]
10. FORC time BE	6D, space, ω, voltage, voltage, time	(64 × 64) × 64 × 64 × 16 × 64	128 GB	Not yet realized

ω, frequency; BE, band excitation; PFM, piezoresponse force microscopy; AC, alternating current; SS PFM, switching spectroscopy piezoresponse force microscopy; FORC, first-order reversal curve.