Fig. 3
From: Dynamic X-ray diffraction imaging of the ferroelectric response in bismuth ferrite
Imaging the in-plane piezoelectric response of BiFeO3. XDM images were acquired with \(\varvec{q} = \varvec{G}_{103}^{\mathbf{BFO}}\), during the poling cycle in Fig. 2a. Representative images taken at different values of the electric field during the cycle are shown in a. The dashed line represents the boundary of the Pt electrode. At E = 60 kV cm−1, the 103 Bragg planes of BFO underneath the electrode are rotated as a consequence of ferroelastic switching by shear strains, and consequently they no longer satisfy the Bragg condition at \(\varvec{q} = \varvec{G}_{103}^{\mathbf{BFO}}\) and appear in the XDM image with dark contrast (left panel). b Independent component analysis of the 103 XDM collection as a function of poling cycle, showing both the projections of the collection along the three basis vectors (top), and the evolution of the unmixed components as a function of electric fields (bottom). c Similarly, to the 002 XDM poling cycle, ICA component 1 shows the expected hysteresis as a function of electric field, with the remaining components encoding non-ferroelectric, extrinsic sources in the data