Fig. 4
From: Dynamic X-ray diffraction imaging of the ferroelectric response in bismuth ferrite
Dynamic imaging of the poling response. a An electric field modulated with a triangular waveform is applied across the BFO film. Simultaneously, XDM images were acquired at \(\varvec{q} = \varvec{G}_{002}^{\mathbf{BFO}}\) at a frame rate of 5 Hz. By decomposition of the XDM collection with ICA, the correct characteristics of the waveform can be extracted directly from the XDM data without prior knowledge of the waveform characteristics in a. Note that each point in the time-series corresponds to a full XDM image. We found two components in the data, both showing the same intensity modulation frequency, but with different response amplitudes (b). The spatial maps in c (left) show the spatial distributions of domains whose response amplitudes are both weaker and vary with time (corresponding to IC1), while the right panel shows the spatial distributions of BFO domains that have a constant amplitude response that follows the applied waveform in a as given by IC2 in b