Fig. 3

Evolution of Gaussian peaks for simulated data. a Simulated BF-STEM image of \({\text {LiNbO}}_{3}\) with the intensity minima overlaid as blue dots. b Calculation region of interest, demonstrated as the red box in a of the simulated BF-STEM image with the intensity reversed, with the blue spot corresponding to the intensity minima. c Evolution of the sum of the Gaussian peaks over multiple iterations. d Contributions of the Gaussian peaks scaled to their amplitudes with larger spheres corresponding to peaks with higher amplitudes. The red circle refers to the region from which the Gaussian peaks were selected from. e Equivalent summation of multiple Gaussian peaks with the blue point corresponding to the intensity minima, the green point corresponding to the atom position calculated by the mpfit algorithm and the red point corresponding to the atom position. f Contribution from the atom whose positions are being measured. g Contribution from the nearest neighbors