Fig. 5

Evolution of Gaussian peaks for experimental data. a Experimental inverted contrast BF-STEM image of \({\text {LiNbO}}_{3}\). b Calculation region of interest of an experimental BF-STEM image with the intensity reversed from the region marked by the red box in a, with the blue point corresponding to the intensity minima, and the green point corresponding to the position calculated by fitting a single Gaussian peak. c Evolution of the sum of the Gaussian peaks over multiple iterations. d Contributions of the Gaussian peaks scaled as a function of their amplitude. Peaks lying outside the red circle are assigned to neighboring atoms. e Equivalent summation of multiple Gaussian peaks with the blue point representing the location of the intensity minima, the green point the position calculated by fitting a single Gaussian peak and the yellow point representing the atom position calculated by the mpfit algorithm. f Contribution from the atom whose positions is being measured. g Contribution from nearest neighbors